Method and apparatus for preparing lipidic mesophase material

ABSTRACT

A coupling system can utilize a first receptacle and a second receptacle to couple syringes together. Syringes can be used to mix viscous material and/or dispense the viscous material. Furthermore, a kit can be provided that contains parts used in mixing and/or dispensing viscous material.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 60/219,016 filed Jul. 18, 2000 entitled “PROCEDURE AND SYRINGEAPPARATUS FOR SCREENING LIPIDIC MESOPHASES FOR PROTEIN CRYSTALLIZATION”,which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

[0002] The embodiments of this invention relate generally to systems forpreparing viscous materials, such as lipidic mesophases.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Three dimensional protein structures have extremely highcommercial value since they allow for the use of rational(structure-based) design and engineering of novel drug molecules thatbind to the protein of interest. Furthermore, they facilitate therational engineering of novel proteins with desired properties. Onemethod of protein X-ray crystallographic structure determinationinvolves: (1) preparation of purified protein; (2) crystallization ofthe protein; (3) isolation and alignment of single protein crystals infront of an intense and focused X-ray beam; (4) collection of completeX-ray diffraction data sets by rotating the single crystal within theX-ray beam; (5) capturing the diffraction spots on a recording devicethat measures X-ray spot position and intensity; (6) computationalanalysis of the X-ray diffraction data to derive experimental electrondensity maps of the crystal. These maps are in turn used to derive athree dimensional chemical model of the protein that formed the crystal.However, a general problem in the use of X-ray diffraction methods todetermine the three-dimensional structures of proteins at near atomicresolution is the rate-limiting step of protein crystallization.

[0004] Membrane proteins are a broad class of proteins which bind toand/or traverse a lipid bilayer (membrane) that surrounds all livingcells. Membrane proteins are typically involved in the controlledmovement of substances and/or signals across the cell membrane. In sodoing, membrane proteins enable rapid communication between the insideand outside of living cells. Examples of membrane proteins include ionchannels, signaling receptors, hormone receptors, light receptors, andadhesion proteins. Such membrane proteins are the targets of severalblockbuster drugs on the market as well as a variety of drugs underdevelopment at pharmaceutical companies to treat numerous aliments.

[0005] Historically, membrane proteins have been notoriously difficultto crystallize. This is due to their hydrophobic (water hating) and/orlipophilic (fat loving) nature which makes them difficult to purify inlarge quantity and reduces their overall solubility in aqueoussolutions. These factors make it difficult to crystallize membraneprotein since they tend to be unstable at concentration in aqueoussolutions that are required for the nucleation of crystal growth bycrystallization methods used for soluble (non-membrane bound) proteins.

[0006] In 1996, Landau and Rosenbusch described the novel use of LipidicCubic Phases for the crystallization of membrane proteins. According tothis method, detergent solubilized membrane protein is mixed withmonoolein (or monopalmitolein) and water (or buffered solutions),followed by multiple rounds of centrifugation. This extensive methodallowed for gentle mixing of the materials over 2 to 3 hours to create aviscous, bicontinuous cubic phase, a cured lipid bilayer, extending inthree dimensions and permeated by aqueous channels. The membraneproteins can partition into the lipid bilayer and can diffuse in threedimensions which allows them to explore many potential spatial packingconfigurations that can lead to crystal growth of the protein withinlipidic mesophases, such as the so called “Lipidic Cubic Phase” (LCP).

[0007] The Landau and Rosenbusch original LCP crystallization methodinvolves the use of small glass vials into which monoolein, protein andbuffered water are added, followed by multiple centrifugations to createthe LCP. After the LCP is created, small quantities of dry salt areadded and the vials are sealed and incubated. Crystal growth ismonitored by examining each glass vial under a stereo microscope. Thisoriginal lipidic mesophase protocol is tedious, time consuming, andrequires more initial protein material than the amount that is necessaryfor conventional crystallization based on vapor diffusion. The additionof dry salt is time consuming, in particular, as it requires a precisionweighing step. In addition, the observation of crystal growth is tedioussince it involves multiple tube handling events. Because of theselimitations the Landau and Rosenbusch LCP method has generally not beenput to use by the protein crystallography community.

SUMMARY

[0008] In one embodiment of the invention, a coupling device is providedcomprising a first receptacle that is operable for coupling with a firstsyringe; a second receptacle operable for coupling with a second syringeand a channel disposed between the first receptacle and the secondreceptacle so as to allow fluid to flow from the first receptacle to thesecond receptacle. The first receptacle can be of a different size fromthe second receptacle so as to allow different sizes of syringes to becoupled to one another. Such a configuration can be useful as it canfacilitate the coupling and the transfer of fluid from a large syringeto a smaller syringe. Furthermore, a tube, such as a needle, can bedisposed in the channel so as to facilitate the flow of fluid from onesyringe to the other syringe. Also, this embodiment of the invention canbe comprised of a heat insulating material, such as PEEK (polyetherether ketone)material, so as to reduce the exchange of heat from a labworker to the material disposed within the coupling system. Also, afirst ferrule can be disposed in the first receptacle so as tofacilitate the coupling between the first receptacle and the firstsyringe. Similarly, a second ferrule can be utilized with the secondreceptacle to facilitate coupling with the second syringe.

[0009] In another embodiment of the invention a method of transferringviscous material, such as lipidic cubic phase material, can be used totransfer the viscous material from a first syringe barrel to a secondsyringe barrel. This can be accomplished by providing a first syringebarrel containing a volume of viscous material, the first syringe barrelhaving a first volume size; providing a coupling device; coupling thefirst syringe barrel with the coupling device; providing yet anothersyringe barrel having a different volume size from that of the firstsyringe barrel; coupling this second syringe barrel with the couplingdevice; and utilizing air pressure to transfer at least a portion of theviscous material to the second syringe barrel from the first syringebarrel. This can facilitate the transfer of fluid or viscous materialfrom a larger syringe to a syringe that is better suited for dispensingthe material in small quantities or containers. For example, it canparticularly be used for transferring lipidic mesophases, such as LCP,after the lipidic mesophase is mixed by two large syringes (as it isvery difficult to mix lipidic mesophases in small syringes). A channelof the coupling device can be used to transfer the viscous material.Furthermore, a needle disposed in the channel can be selected having asufficiently short length so as to prevent breakage of the syringesduring the transfer process.

[0010] In another embodiment of the invention, a syringe can be providedfor dispensing viscous material, such as in a microwell. For example, aneedle of a syringe can be configured so as to have a length of lessthan about 20 mm and an outside diameter of the needle of about 0.4 mmto about 0.72 mm as well as an inside diameter of the needle of about0.10 mm to about 0.16 mm. Furthermore, the needle can be sizedappropriately so as to dispense lipidic mesophase material withoutcausing breakage of the syringe apparatus during operation.

[0011] In yet another embodiment of the invention, a kit of equipmentfor dispensing or mixing lipidic mesophases or other viscous materialscan be provided. For example, a kit can be provided to include: a firstsyringe having an opening sufficient for receiving lipid material; asecond syringe or vessel operable for holding protein solution; and, acoupling device operable for coupling the two syringes together duringmixing of the lipid material with the protein solution. Similarly, asmaller syringe can be provided as part of the kit which is operable fordispensing the lipidic mesophase material once it has been mixed. Inaddition, a coupling device which facilitates the coupling of the largesyringe with the smaller syringe as well as the transfer of lipidicmesophase material from the large syringe to the small syringe can beprovided. Also, a semi-automatic dispenser can be provided for use withthe dispensing syringe and a microwell can be provided for holdingmixtures of solution and lipidic mesophase material. The variouscomponents of the kit can be provided in a variety of combinations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012]FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for mixing aviscous material, such as LCP, utilizing two syringes coupled between acoupling device.

[0013]FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for transferringthe mixed material from FIG. 1 from a large syringe to a smallersyringe.

[0014]FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which thesmaller syringe of FIG. 2 is coupled to a repetitive microdispensingdevice.

[0015]FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for dispensingmaterial from the small syringe of FIG. 3 into a well plate, such as amicrowell plate.

[0016]FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention utilized tocouple two syringes of equal size.

[0017]FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for coupling twosyringes of different size.

[0018]FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the invention for use as adispensing needle on a syringe.

[0019]FIG. 8 illustrates a cross section of the embodiment of theinvention shown in FIG. 6.

[0020]FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart for a method of dispensing LCP orother viscous material according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0021]FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart for a method of mixing viscousmaterial according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0022]FIGS. 11a and 11 b illustrate a flow chart for a method oftransferring viscous material according to one embodiment of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Protein structures are usually determined by X-ray diffraction ofthe respective crystals. Membrane proteins are particularly difficult tocrystallize using conventional methods, such as the vapor diffusionmethod. However, as membrane proteins are coded for by approximately 30%of the genome of all known genomes, their structures are of extremelyhigh interest.

[0024] Some previous testing methods have been undesirable because ofthe time involved to perform the experiments and the amount of wastedmaterial. Namely, only a few crystallization experiments can be set upin one day by one person. Since large numbers (hundreds to thousands) ofcrystallization conditions are often tested in order to find a lead,such testing methods have been undesirable due to the excessive numberof handling steps involved. Furthermore, there is an inherent waste oftest material in such methods. Since the test material (e.g., lipid andprotein) is scarce to begin with, this waste of material often preventsa sufficient number of tests from being conducted.

[0025] Furthermore, the problems in setting up an LCP crystallizationexperiment are rooted in the difficulty of physically manipulating thehighly viscous lipidic phase material. For example, the mechanicalproperties of the LCP material do not readily allow pipetting which iscommonly used to manipulate liquids. Nor can LCP be dealt with as asolid because the material is sticky and dehydrates quickly. However,the lipidic material is thixotropic and flows provided sufficientpressure is applied such as in positive displacement syringes.

[0026] In order to alleviate some of the difficulties in previouslipidic mesophase crystallization methods, the various embodiments ofthe invention have been developed. Thus, for example, the handling stepscan be implemented so as to consume less material for a singlecrystallization set up and/or allow the use of standard multiwell platesto facilitate the number of tests conducted. Furthermore, the handlingactivities involved are compatible with automation and hencecrystallization set-ups may be prepared in a high throughput manner by amachine.

[0027] The various embodiments of the invention described herein cansatisfy some of the problems inherent in previous testing procedures.For example, the quantity of LCP material needed for testing purposescan be reduced to 0.2 microliters from 10-20 microliters needed in somemethods. This reduction to {fraction (1/50)} or {fraction (1/100)} ofthe scarce testing material thus can dramatically increase the number oftests that can be performed.

[0028]FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 illustrate an overview of the processaccording to one embodiment of the invention for preparing a viscousmaterial (e.g., material having a viscosity in the range from 1centipore to 300,000 centipoise, such as LCP material which can have aviscosity in the range of 100,000 centipoise to 300,000 centipoise) anddepositing the material in a microwell. In FIG. 1, a first syringe 200,such as a 250 microliter syringe, is shown coupled to a second syringe300 having a similar or equal volumetric size. A coupling device 100 isshown coupling the barrels of the respective syringes so as tofacilitate the transfer of material from the first syringe to the secondsyringe. In preparation of LCP, a lipid can be deposited in the barrelof one syringe, e.g., by using a spatula, and a protein solution can bedeposited in the second syringe. Mixing occurs when each syringealternately ejects material into the other syringe.

[0029] In FIG. 2, once the LCP mixture has been created, the LCPmaterial can be transferred to a smaller syringe so as to facilitatedispensing of the LCP material, for example, dispensing in a microwell.Use of a smaller syringe helps to dispense the LCP in smaller and moreaccurate quantities as well as to manipulate a syringe needle in tighterquarters. For example in FIG. 2, the first syringe 200 containing themixed LCP material is coupled to a smaller syringe 400 by a couplingdevice shown as 500. The plunger of the syringe 200 can be pushed so asto transfer the LCP material through the channel of the coupling device500 into the smaller syringe 400.

[0030] In FIG. 3, the smaller syringe 400 is shown coupled to asemi-automatic dispenser 600 which is operable for dispensing accuratequantities of the LCP material. Such a dispensing operation is shown onFIG. 4 where the semi-automatic dispenser 600 and syringe 400 are shownejecting LCP material into a well 710 of a microwell plate 700. The wellcan then be used to combine the LCP with a crystallization promotingagent. The resulting crystal can then be tested by X-ray diffraction todetermine a three dimensional structure of the protein.

[0031]FIG. 5 shows the coupling device 100 from FIG. 1 in greaterdetail. A needle 110 is disposed through the coupling device so as toprovide a channel for transferring material between the first and secondsyringes shown in FIG. 1. The length of the needle is designated as “L”in FIG. 5. Furthermore, a diameter “D” is shown for the needle. Thecoupling device has a first receptacle 120 and a second receptacle 122.The first and second receptacles in this embodiment are of equaldimension so as to allow coupling to syringe barrels of equal size. Atypical National Pipe Thread (NPT) fitting can be utilized for screwingthe coupling device onto a syringe barrel. Also shown in FIG. 5 areferrules, such as Teflon ferrules 124 and 126, which are disposed withinthe first and second receptacles, respectively, and over the needle soas to receive the barrel of the syringe and facilitate a gas tightcoupling with the coupling device 100. A first Teflon ferrule 124 can bedisposed within the first receptacle 120 and a second Teflon ferrule 126can be disposed within the second receptacle 122 as illustrated by thearrows. Thus a secure coupling of the two syringes can be accomplishedutilizing these ferrules when they are placed against the barrels of thesyringes during operation.

[0032]FIG. 6 illustrates yet another coupling device. The embodiment inFIG. 6 illustrates a coupling system designated as 500 having a couplingbody 510, a first receptacle 512 and a second receptacle 522. The firstreceptacle is sized appropriately to receive a barrel of a syringe 561.The barrel of the syringe can be disposed so as to mate with (e.g., tobe placed against one another physically so as to restrict loss of fluidduring operation) a receiving ferrule shown as 530 in FIG. 6. Thereceiving ferrule 530 is seated in the first receptacle 522. Similarly,a second yet smaller syringe 562 can be coupled to the second receptacle512. The second syringe also mates with a receiving ferrule 550 which issized appropriately to mate with the dimensions of the second syringe. Atube 520 is disposed through the coupling device so as to facilitatetransfer of fluid from the first syringe to the second syringe when thefirst and second syringes are coupled with the coupling device. Forexample, the tube can be disposed within both the barrels of the firstand second syringes when they are operatively coupled to the couplingdevice.

[0033]FIG. 7 illustrates a dispensing needle operable for dispensingviscous material, such as LCP. This dispensing needle can be coupled toa syringe after viscous material is transferred to the syringe barrel.FIG. 7 shows a coupling device 600 having a first receptacle 602 forreceiving the barrel of a syringe. A ferrule 610 is shown seated in thereceptacle so as to facilitate coupling or mating with the barrel of thesyringe. Also shown is a needle 620 having a length N and an insidediameter X disposed through the ferrule 610 and the first receptacle ofthe coupling body so as to be disposed within the barrel of the syringewhen the barrel of the syringe 562 is operatively coupled with the firstreceptacle 602.

[0034] The needle is sized appropriately so as to prevent breakage ofthe barrel during dispensing of viscous material, such as LCP material.Namely, the length N and inside diameter X can be selected so as toprevent breakage of the syringe when the LCP material is ejected throughthe needle. Typically one of the standard size gauges for needles (26Sor 22S, e.g., Hamilton model numbers 80075 and 80064, respectively) canbe used for the internal diameter. In one embodiment, a needle length Nis selected having a length of less than about 20 millimeters(preferably less than about 19 mm or even more preferably less thanabout 18 mm), an outside diameter of about 0.4 mm to about 0.72 mm, andan inside diameter of about 0.10 mm to about 0.16 mm.

[0035] In FIG. 8, a cross-section of the embodiment of the couplingdevice 500 shown in FIG. 6 is illustrated. A coupling body 510 isprovided having a first receptacle 522 having a first diameter and asecond receptacle 512 having a second and smaller diameter. A channel isshown as a cylindrical bore 535 through the coupling body 510. In FIG.8, the first and second receptacles are shown having NPT fittings forreceiving barrels from syringes. Furthermore, the receptacles are sizedto permit ferrules to be seated in the receptacles to facilitate matingwith the barrel of the syringes. A similar configuration could beutilized for the coupling device 100 of FIG. 5; however, the receptacleswould be sized equally so as to accommodate equally sized syringes.

[0036]FIG. 9 illustrates an overview of the process for dispensing aviscous material like LCP according to one embodiment of the invention.As a precursor to the process, one would normally make sure that allsyringes, ferrules, and needles have been thoroughly cleaned withdistilled water and ethanol. After cleaning the syringes, the plungersare removed and allowed to air dry before use. Furthermore, sealing tapestrips are cut for covering the mircowells. A 250 μl syringe and plungercan be selected and coupled with the mixer coupling such as that shownin FIG. 5. The coupling can be threaded on with a white Teflon ferruleseated inside. This combination can then be used to calibrate a balance.

[0037] The plunger is again removed from the 250 μl syringe. Then alipid ampule or (microcentrifuge tube containing a lipid) can be removedfrom the freezer. The waxy block of lipid can be thawed by warming theampule or microtube in the user's hand. For example, monoolein thaws atapproximately 36° C. Using a standard laboratory pipettor with a 200 μltip, a volume of liquid lipid that is equivalent to the volume ofprotein that will be screened can be removed. The lipid is injected intothe back end of the 250 μl glass barrel syringe which had its plungerremoved. Thus, according to block 910, an amount of a lipid can beprovided.

[0038] The plunger is pushed back into the barrel of the 250 μl syringeand pointed upward relative to the ground and slowly moved up the glassbarrel. This forces the lipid up the barrel and removes any air bubblesthat might be trapped in the lipid. While holding the 250 μl syringestraight up, the plunger is carefully moved forward to push the lipid upthe syringe barrel until it just begins to bleed out of the end of the250 to 250 coupling device. In doing this, all air bubbles can beremoved. The 250 μl syringe is then weighed with the lipid using thebalance which was zeroed on the empty 250 μl syringe and couplingcombination; and the mass of the lipid is recorded. Typically, the lipidis approximately 1 mg per ml.

[0039] In block 920 of method 900 protein stock can be provided. Forexample, a clean 250 μl syringe can be primed with distilled water.Priming can be achieved by drawing water into the 250 μl syringe via along needle which has been attached with the Teflon ferrule inside. Thesyringe is pointed straight up relative to the ground and the water isplunged out while flicking the end of the syringe to ensure that all airbubbles are removed. All water is ejected out of the syringe and excesswater is removed from the end of the needle by touching the syringeneedle to a clean tissue. The water primed 250 μl syringe is used totake up the desired quantity of protein stock, for example, 100 μl ofPhosphate buffer having a pH of 6.0. The long needle is carefullyremoved from the protein loaded 250 μl syringe leaving the Teflonferrule in the head of the syringe.

[0040] Having accomplished loading the second syringe with proteinstock, the lipid and protein stock can be mixed to form lipidic cubicphase as illustrated in block 930 of the method 900. This can beaccomplished, for example, by attaching the protein loaded 250 μlsyringe to the second receptacle of the coupling device which is alreadyattached to the lipid loaded 250 μl syringe. The syringe containing theprotein stock should not be over tightened onto the coupling device asthis could crack the syringes. The lipidic cubic phase is created bymixing the protein solution with the lipid. This can be achieved byplunging the plungers of the head to head connected 250 μl syringes backand forth several times. For example, one plunge can be performed everysecond at room temperature (25° C.). During the first few plunges, themixture should turn white and cloudy. The ends of the syringes can bechecked to make sure no leaks are detected. By plunging gently, and notexerting excessive force, breakage of the assembly can be avoided. Theplunging should continue back and forth until some of the LCP materialstarts to become transparent which will typically take ten to twentyplunges. This indicates that the LCP is beginning to form. The plungingshould continue back and forth approximately 100 cycles being carefulnot to place angular stress on the coupled syringes. In order to get agood transparent mix, e.g., no cloudy regions remaining, it willtypically require at least 50 to 100 cycles. If the mixture is nottotally transparent, cooling the joined syringes, by placing them in arefrigerator for example, or by letting them sit on a bench top for afew minutes can be accomplished. The heat from the user's hands can heatthe syringes making it difficult for the transparent cubic phase toform. Once the syringes have cooled, the plunging can be initiated toget uniform mixing of the transparent cubic phase.

[0041] One material that is useful in insulating the viscous mixturefrom external heat is a non-metallic material such as PEEK. This PEEKmaterial may be utilized in fashioning the devices, particularly thecoupling devices. It is a durable material that does not readilytransfer heat from the lab worker's fingers to the viscous material.Thus, it helps speed the preparation of the LCP material as one would beless likely to have to wait for the LCP material to cool. Furthermore,it can be useful in avoiding damage to the fragile protein material byavoiding heat build-up.

[0042] Having accomplished the creation of the LCP, the LCP can betransferred to a dispensing device, such as a smaller syringe. In block940 of method 900 the LCP is transferred to a dispensing unit, such as a10 μl syringe. (The 10 μl syringes are difficult to use to mix LCPbecause the openings are too small to easily deposit lipid material, forexample, with a spatula; however, they allow for precise dispensing ofthe scarce LCP material.) The existing coupling of the syringecontaining the LCP and the empty syringe are disconnected leaving asingle 250 μl syringe disconnected from the coupling yet containing theLCP material. A 250 μl to 10 μl syringe coupling is then threaded ontothe 250 μl syringe containing the LCP. The union is finger tightened toform a gas tight seal with the Teflon ferrule of the 250 μl syringe asdiscussed in regard to FIG. 6. Then, the 10 μl syringe is similarlycoupled with the coupling device. This can be accomplished by firstassembling the 10 μl syringe into a repeating dispenser, such as asemi-automatic dispenser manufactured by Hamilton, Model PB600. Therepeating dispenser is configured with its index rod and plunger armfully extended. The doughnut shaped syringe holder nut is used to handtighten the 10 μl syringe into the repeating dispenser. The couplingdevice which is already screwed onto the LCP loaded 250 μl syringe isthen screwed onto the 10 μl syringe mounted in the repeating dispenser.These couplings are then gently hand tightened. The plunger of the 250μl syringe is then gently pushed causing the LCP material to be plungedinto the 10 μl syringe. It is often helpful to gently pull on the 10 μlsyringe plunger as positive pressure is placed on the 250 μl syringeplunger. This facilitates LCP filling of the 10 μl syringe. As thesyringe plunger approaches the top of the barrel (9-10 μl mark), themetal top end of the syringe plunger is directed to enter the hole inthe plunger arm of the repeating dispenser. Then the locking screw istightened so as to hold the plunger to the plunger arm. Minor changes inthe orientation of the plunger may be required to ensure a tight fit onthe plunger.

[0043] At this stage, the LCP can now be dispensed as shown in block 950of method 900. The two syringes are disconnected from one anotherleaving the coupling unit coupled to the 250 μl syringe and the 10 μlsyringe coupled to the repeating dispenser. The small Teflon ferrule isleft in the tip of the 10 μl syringe. A short syringe needle, as shownin FIG. 7, is then assembled onto the Teflon ferrule of the 10 μlsyringe and hand tightened with its nut. The dispenser is then clickedseveral times so that the user can watch the cubic phase come out of theshort steel needle. When this occurs, a snake-like string of LCP isejected from the needle.

[0044] Prior to dispensing the LCP material, crystallization promotingagent is deposited. This can be accomplished by using a microsyringepipette to transfer one μl aliquots of crystallant into the dropchambers of the crystallization plate. The plate seal may optionally beleft on for this operation. The dispensing can be achieved by thefollowing steps: (1) fully depress the micro syringe to the plunger; (2)thrust the needle through the plate seal entry pore for the desiredcrystallant; (3) release the plunger in order to draw 2 μl ofcrystallant into the microsyringe; and (4) pull the microsyringe out ofthe seal and use it to dispense 1 μl of crystallant to the desired platedrop chamber location. To prevent cross contamination of crystallants,perform three quick fill/dispense cycles in a 10 ml pool of water beforedispensing each crystallant. When using a 72 well Terasaki platemanufactured by Nunc, fill 6 wells in a row with 1 μl of each of thecrystallant solutions. When using a Clover plate, fill 8 wells in a rowwith 1 μl of each of the crystallant solutions.

[0045] The LCP can then be dispensed into each well. For example, inject200 nanoliters of LCP from the LCP loaded repeating dispenser into thecrystallization solution in each drop chamber that contains crystallant.To prevent cross contamination of crystallant, dip the syringe tip in a10 milliliter pool of water and dab dry on an absorbent tissue betweeneach dispense step. The drop chambers can then be sealed with thesealing tape. Then, the LCP-crystallization plates can be stored between−10 and 50° C. or typically between 4 and 25° C. until the timeobservations are made.

[0046] The LCP material can be dispensed in a variety of differentcontainers. For example, a microtiter plate could be used, such as a 96well, a 1536 well plate, or the like. Alternative footprints could alsobe used in addition to these. Furthermore, a microarray could beutilized as the container. Thus, the LCP material could be deposited onthe microarray so as to allow a plurality of different testingprocedures to be performed. In addition, a robot could be utilized todeposit the LCP material and associated testing solutions. Thus, aplurality of syringes could be used to dispense different chemicals foruse with the LCP testing. Similarly, the mechanized dispensing of theLCP could be accomplished through the use of software stored on acomputer.

[0047]FIG. 10 illustrates a more detailed view of the method of mixing alipid and protein stock. In block 1010 of method 1000 a first receptacleoperable for coupling with a first syringe is provided on a couplingdevice. The coupling device is also provided with a second receptacleoperable for coupling with a second syringe as illustrated in block1020. A channel is disposed between the first receptacle and the secondreceptacle so as to allow for fluid to flow between the first and secondreceptacle as illustrated in block 1030. For example, a needle can bedisposed in the channel as noted in block 1040. The first syringe iscoupled to a first receptacle in block 1050 while the second syringe iscoupled to the second receptacle as illustrated in block 1060. Then thelipid and protein stock can be mixed by repeatedly and alternatelyplunging the plungers of each syringe. The viscous material can beformed and transferred from the first syringe to the second syringe andvice versa. This process can be repeated until the LCP material, forexample, is formed.

[0048] Similarly, FIGS. 11a and 11 b illustrate a method 1100 fortransferring and dispensing viscous material, such as LCP material. Inblock 1110 a first syringe is provided containing LCP material. Acoupling device is provided in block 1120 and this coupling device iscoupled to the first syringe utilizing a receptacle on the coupling asillustrated in block 1130. In block 1140 a second syringe is providedhaving a smaller volume size from that of the first syringe. This secondsyringe is also coupled to the coupling device, for example, with areceptacle of the coupling device. Then, pressure can be utilized totransfer a portion of the viscous material from the first syringe to thesecond syringe as noted in block 1160.

[0049] After the viscous material is transferred from the first syringeto the second syringe, the second syringe can be separated from thefirst syringe as shown in block 1170. A needle can then be provided asshown in block 1180. The needle and second syringe can then be coupledwith one another as illustrated in block 1184. A repetitive dispensercan then be provided in which the second syringe can be installed asshown in blocks 1186 and 1188, respectively. A multiwell plate is thenprovided as shown in block 1190 and the repetitive dispenser can then beused to dispense viscous material portion onto the multiwell plate, asshown in block 1192. Furthermore, crystallization promoting material canbe added as shown in block 1194. It is not necessary that the viscousmaterial be dispensed on the multiwell plate prior to dispensing thecrystallization promoting material; rather, they could be dispensed inany order.

[0050] In another embodiment of the invention, the assorted pieces ofapparatus can be provided in a kit format so as to facilitate the mixingand dispensing of a viscous material such as LCP. Thus, the variouselements described above could be provided as a kit in any unassembledcombination.

[0051] While the various embodiments have been described with referenceto 250 microliter and 10 microliter syringes, it would also be possibleto use other sizes in their place. Furthermore, while a syringe has beenused to describe the invention it should be understood that otherdevices could be used as well. Therefore, it should be understood that asyringe is intended to encompass any volumetric measuring device havinga closed chamber that can be used to transfer viscous material, such asLCP, as described above.

[0052] It is thought that the apparatuses and methods of the embodimentsof the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will beunderstood from this specification and it will be apparent that variouschanges may be made in the form, construction, and arrangement of theparts thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention or sacrificing all of its material advantages, the form hereinbefore described being merely exemplary embodiments thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A coupling device comprising: a coupling devicebody, having a first receptacle operable for coupling with a firstsyringe having a first volumetric size; a second receptacle operable forcoupling with a second syringe having a second volumetric size; achannel disposed between said first receptacle and said secondreceptacle so as to allow fluid to flow from said first receptacle tosaid second receptacle; wherein said first volumetric size is differentfrom said second volumetric size.
 2. The coupling device as described inclaim 1 wherein said first receptacle is sized to accept a first barrelsize and wherein said second receptacle is sized to accept a secondbarrel size different from said first barrel size.
 3. The couplingdevice as described in claim 1 wherein said channel is configured so asto be substantially cylindrical with a diameter in the range of about0.4 millimeters to about 0.6 millimeters.
 4. The coupling device asdescribed in claim 1 wherein said first receptacle is operable forcoupling with a 250 microliter syringe.
 5. The coupling device asdescribed in claim 1 wherein said second receptacle is operable forcoupling with a 10 microliter syringe.
 6. The coupling device asdescribed in claim 1 wherein said first receptacle is operable forcoupling with a 250 microliter syringe and wherein said secondreceptacle is operable for coupling with a 10 microliter syringe.
 7. Thecoupling device as described in claim 1 wherein said channel is operablefor transferring a viscous material from said first syringe to saidsecond syringe.
 8. The coupling device as described in claim 1 whereinsaid coupling device body is comprised of a non-metallic material. 9.The coupling device as described in claim 9 wherein said non-metallicmaterial comprises PEEK.
 10. The coupling device as described in claim 1and further comprising: a first ferrule for use in coupling said firstsyringe with said coupling device.
 11. The coupling device as describedin claim 1 and further comprising: a second ferrule for use in couplingsaid second syringe with said coupling device.
 12. A method of couplinga first syringe and a second syringe, said method comprising: providinga coupling device body having a first receptacle and a second receptacleand a channel disposed between the first receptacle and the secondreceptacle; coupling a first syringe to the first receptacle and asecond syringe to the second receptacle, with the first syringe having avolumetric size that is different from a volumetric size of the secondsyringe.
 13. The method as described in claim 12 wherein said firstreceptacle is sized to accept a first barrel size and wherein saidsecond receptacle is sized to accept a second barrel size different fromsaid first barrel size.
 14. The method as described in claim 12 whereinsaid channel comprises a substantially cylindrical shape with a diameterin the range of about 0.4 millimeters to about 0.6 millimeters.
 15. Themethod as described in claim 12 and further comprising: disposing aneedle in said channel.
 16. The method as described in claim 12 whereinsaid coupling said first syringe to said first receptacle comprises:coupling a 250 microliter syringe to said first receptacle.
 17. Themethod as described in claim 12 wherein said coupling said secondsyringe to said second receptacle comprises: coupling a 10 microlitersyringe to said second receptacle.
 18. The method as described in claim12 and further comprising: transferring viscous material from said firstsyringe to said second syringe.
 19. The method as described in claim 18,wherein the viscous material has a viscosity in the range from about100,000 centipoise to about 300,000 centipoise.
 20. The method asdescribed in claim 12 and further comprising: utilizing a non-metallicmaterial as said coupling device body.
 21. The method as described inclaim 20 and further comprising: utilizing PEEK as said non-metallicmaterial.
 22. The method as described in claim 12 and furthercomprising: disposing a first ferrule in said first receptacle, saidfirst ferrule configured for coupling said first syringe with said firstreceptacle.
 23. The method as described in claim 12 and furthercomprising: disposing a second ferrule in said second receptacle, saidsecond ferrule configured for coupling said second syringe with saidsecond receptacle.
 24. The method as described in claim 12 and furthercomprising: disposing a first ferrule in said first receptacle, saidfirst ferrule configured for coupling said first syringe with said firstreceptacle; disposing a second ferrule in said second receptacle, saidsecond ferrule configured for coupling said second syringe with saidsecond receptacle.
 25. A method of mixing a LCP comprising: providing afirst syringe having a syringe barrel; depositing a lipid material insaid syringe barrel; adding protein material to said syringe barrel;mixing said lipid material and said protein material in said syringebarrel to form said LCP in said syringe barrel.
 26. The method asdescribed in claim 25 and further comprising: utilizing a second syringeto add said protein material to said first syringe barrel.
 27. Themethod as described in claim 25 and further comprising: transferringsaid protein material and said lipid material to said second syringe.28. The method as described in claim 25 and further comprising:dispensing said LCP material in a plurality of holding locations. 29.The method as described in claim 25 and wherein the holding locationscomprise an array of wells in a well plate.
 30. The method as describedin claim 25 and further comprising: dispensing said LCP material on amicrowell array.
 31. The method as described in claim 25 and furthercomprising: dispensing said LCP material in a container; addingcrystallization promoting material to said container; growing a proteincrystal from said LCP material and said crystallization promotingmaterial in said container.
 32. The method as described in claim 31 andfurther comprising: drying said crystallization promoting material priorto said dispensing said LCP material in said container.
 33. A method oftransferring viscous material, said method comprising: providing a firstsyringe barrel containing a volume of viscous material, said firstsyringe barrel having a first volumetric size; providing a couplingdevice; coupling said first syringe barrel with said coupling device;providing a second syringe barrel, said second syringe barrel having asecond volumetric size different from said first volumetric size of saidfirst syringe barrel; coupling said second syringe barrel with saidcoupling device; transferring at least a portion of said volume ofviscous material from said first syringe barrel to said second syringebarrel through said coupling device.
 34. The method as described inclaim 33 and further comprising: transferring said viscous materialthrough a channel of said coupling device.
 35. The method as describedin claim 34 and further comprising; transferring said viscous materialthrough a needle disposed in said channel.
 36. The method as describedin claim 35 and further comprising: utilizing a needle having a lengthless than about 20 millimeters.
 37. The method as described in claim 36and further comprising: utilizing a needle having an outside diameter ofapproximately 0.65 millimeters.
 38. The method as in claim 33, whereinthe viscous material has a viscosity in the range from about 100,000centipoise to about 300,000 centipoise.
 39. The method as in claim 33,wherein the viscous material comprises lipidic mesophase material. 40.An apparatus for dispensing viscous material, said apparatus comprising:a syringe barrel; a syringe plunger disposed in said syringe barrel; aneedle having a length of less than about 20 millimeters and an outsidediameter in the range of about 0.4 millimeters to about 0.72millimeters; a ferrule operable for coupling said needle with saidsyringe barrel during use.
 41. The apparatus as described in claim 40wherein said viscous material comprises lipidic mesophase.
 42. Theapparatus as described in claim 40 wherein said syringe barrel isconfigured so as not to break when said viscous material is ejected fromsaid needle.
 43. A LCP mixing kit comprising: a coupling device forcoupling a plurality of syringes in fluid communication, said couplingdevice having a first receptacle and a second receptacle, wherein saidfirst receptacle has a different coupling size from said secondreceptacle; a first syringe operable for coupling with said couplingdevice; and a second syringe operable for coupling with said couplingdevice.
 44. The LCP mixing kit as described in claim 43 and furthercomprising: a third syringe having a volume smaller than said firstsyringe.
 45. The LCP mixing kit as described in claim 44 and furthercomprising: a second coupling operable for coupling said first syringewith said second syringe.
 46. The LCP mixing kit as described in claim43 and further comprising: a repeating dispenser for repetitivelymeasuring a predetermined quantity of LCP.
 47. The LCP mixing kit asdescribed in claim 43 and further comprising a well plate.
 48. The LCPmixing kit as described in claim 43 and further comprising lipidmaterial.
 49. The LCP mixing kit as described in claim 43 and furthercomprising a buffer solution.
 50. A method of dispensing a substancecomprising LCP, said method comprising: mixing said substance in a firstsyringe; transferring said substance from said first syringe to a secondsyringe, said second syringe having a volume size smaller than thevolume size of said first syringe; utilizing said second syringe todispense said LCP.
 51. The method as described in claim 50 and furthercomprising: dispensing said LCP in a container.
 52. The method asdescribed in claim 50 and further comprising: dispensing said LCP in awell of a well plate.
 53. The method as described in claim 50 andfurther comprising: dispensing said LCP on a microarray.
 54. The methodas described in claim 50 and further comprising: dispensing said LCP ina solution for use in growing a protein crystal.